Ss . 
34.65 )4: 
Bul 2 


Bulletin No, 42 ; rs ee 
MM. LEIGH TON 


COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA 





DEPARTMENT OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS 
James F.. Woodward, Secretary 


eg en ee Ne tiem me 


BUREAU OF TOPOGRAPHIC AND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
George H,. Ashley, State Geologis 


COAL BEDS IN JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA 


Introduction. 


In 1918 Jefferson County stood tenth in Pennsylvania 1s 2 bitu- 
minous coal producing county. In that year, 5,140,855 tons were 
Produced, valued at $14,660,229, and distributed as follows: . 
Meeewvece Fons, valued at 512,408,728 were looded at the mines TiO ees 
Siapment; 109,462 tons, valued at’ $286,249 were sold to local trade, 
@nd uscd by employees; 171,451 tons, valved at $355,408 were used at 
Ghe Mines for steam and heat; 719,696 tons, volucd at $1,629,844 
were mide into ‘coke at the mines. 


There arc Gleven coal beds in the county;. Some are only a few 
mencnes thick, two are of great importance, and five others are 
docally minenble.. The Lower Freeport coal. is the most important, and 
Whey bower Kittanning second. The Brookville, Clarion, Middle and 
Upper Kittanning, and Upper Freeport are locally mineable. 


| Jefferson County, situated in the north-central part of the 
state, is bounded on the north by Forest snd Elk counties, on the 
east by Clearficld County, on the south by Indiana County, and on the 
west by Armstrong and Clxrion counties. Its greatest width from 
morth to south is 32 miles, and from erst to west 25.5 miles, ‘Its 
prea is shout 666 square miles. The popuiction in 1920 was 62,104. 


Jefferson County has many railroads. The Bellwood Branch of th- 
Pennsylvania Keilroad enters the county from the south near Bowers- 
Ville, runs northwest and brenches at Elk Run Junction: one branch 
runs north to Anita, ind the’ other west to Punxsutawmey and Fordham. 
The Low Grade Division of the Pennsylvania Railrond enters the county 
trom the west near Patton, runs northeast to Brookville, Reynoldsvill.: 


ev ae 


and to DuBois, Clearfield County. It runs north from that point, and 








crosses the northeastern comer of Jefferson County, serving the 
Brockwayville district. 


The Pittsburgh and Shawmut Railroad enters the county from the 
west near Timblin, runs northeast through Knox and Brookville, and 
terminates in the northeastern corner of the county at Delwood and 
Lanes Mills. 


The Buffalo, Rochester and Pittsburgh Railroad follows Clarion 
River across the northeast corner and Mahoning Creek across the 
Southeast corner of the county. Several branches serve mining towns 
not on the main line. 


The New York Central Railroad has a few miles of track in the 
county west of Brookville. It has trackage right in Jefferson 
County on the Low Grade Division of the Pennsylvanian Railrozd east of 
Brookville. 


The Erie Railroad has a few miles of track in the northeastern 
part of the county. The Pittsburgh, Shawmut and Northern Railroad 
also-usem this track. 


Jefferson County is a maturely dissected region, with rolling 
flat tepped hills which represent the remnants of an old penmeplain. 
The valleys are greatly diversified; in places the slopes are steep 
and rugged, in others gentle. The streams have broad flood plains 
in the soft rocks, but in the hard rocks they flow through narrow 
ravines, ‘ 


STRUCTURE. 


The rocks of Jefferson County are folded in a regular succession 
of approximately parallel anticlines and synclines, having 2 general 
northeast-southwest trend, 


Chestnut Ridge anticline is a broad fold east of Punxsutawney 
On which the rocks rise 1000 feet in 9 miles. 


Pungsutawney syncline lies in the southeastern corner of the 
county, and passes through Punxsutawrey. In the center of the basin, 
‘which is flat, the Upper Freeport coal has an elevation of less than 
1150 feet above tide, From that elevation the coal rises gradually 
southeast toward the Chestnut Ridge anticline, 


There appears to be a broad bench on the slope between Chestnut 
Ridge anticline and Punxsutawney syncline in the region north and 
west of Juneau. This bench is believed to be responsible for the 
aceumulation of gas in that area. 


Perrysville anticline, lying northwest of Punxsutawney syncline, 
enters Jefferson County near Perrysville, and trends northeast across 
the county. This anticline has raised the Freeport coals, so that 
they are within easy mining distance of the surface. This fold is 
best defined on Sandy Lick, from which point it subsides in both 
airections. 

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Smicksburg syncline lies between Perrysville and Roaring Run 
anticlincs. It is 2 broad shallow basin, lying about two miles north- 
west of Perrysville, and flattening out just northwest of Rockdale. 


Roaring Run anticline is one of the well defined structures of 
Jefferson County. It enters the county nesr the southwest corner, 
and trends northeast near Coolspring and Warsaw. The dips are rather 
gentle on botn flanks, and its axis varies greatly in elevation. 


Leechburg syncline, lying northwest of Roaring Run anticline, is 
& broad shallow basin, with the exis rising gradually northeast, 
Ringgold, Worthville, Bellview, Port Barnet, Richardsville, Warsaw 
and Schoffner's Corners are situated in this basin, 


Brookville anticline lies west of the Leechburg basin, and 
enters Jefferson County just above the mouth of Little Sandy Creek, 
extends northeast near Brookville, and leaves the county a few miles 
Horth or Schoffner*s Corners, The fold is well defined, and its axis 
a8 straight. The dips on the flanks ere rather gentle. 


Fairmont syncline enters the county eat Troy, and extends north- 
east into Eldred township, where it flattens out. It is 2 broad 
Shallow trough rising gently northeast, 


Anthony's Bend anticline crosses the county from near Corsica 
to Millstone on Clarion River. It is a well developed structure at 
Corsica, where the rocks dip strongly southeast, but flattens out 
northeastward. 


Centreville syneline enters the county about one mile northwest 
of Corsica, and crusses Clarion River east of Clarington, It is the 
Shallowest basin in Jefferson County. 


Kellersburg anticline, crossing the northwestern tip of the 
county, is 2 broad fold, with gentle dips on both flanks, 


The structure in the northeastern part of the county has not 
been studied in detail, but probably there are two or more minor 
structures in that region. 


STRATIGRAPHY, 


The outcropping consolidated rocks of Jefferson County are of 
Carboniferous and Devonian age; the Conemaugh, Allegheny, Pottsville 
and Mauch Chunk formations are Carboniferous, and the Pocong is 
Devonian. Sand, silt,. and gravel deposited by streams at times of 
high water are present in the larger valleys. 


The Conemaugh formation has been eroded in most of Jefferson 
County, and is nowhere intact, It is composed of sandstone, shale, 
thin limestones and unimportant coal beds, 


The Allegheny formation hss been entirely eroded in one-thiréd of 
Jefferson County, and the total thickness of 300 feet is present only 


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in the eastern and southem parts of the county; The Allegheny for- 
mation is composed of massive sandstones, clsys, shales, limestones, 
and several important coal beds. 


The Pottsville formition, outcropping in the northern ané west- 
ern parts of the county, is 300 feet thick and composed of massive 
sandstones, Shales, clay, and cocl becs. 


The Mauch Chunk formation, outcropping below Summerville on 
Mahoning Creek and on Clarion River, is composcd entirely of shales. 


The Pocono formation has 2 very limited outcrop on Manoning 
Creek and Clarion River. It is composed entirely of sandstone, 
COAL BEDS. 
abere are eleven coal beds in Jefferson County, three of which 
Ope, Of great importance; five others sre locally mincable, one the 
remesincer are only 2 few inches thick. 


The following table shows the stratigraphic interval and the 
range in thickness of the cosl beds. 


a a ee 


Conl beds in Jefferson County. 





Range in 


; Ave rage thickness 
Neme of coal bed interval of cool beds 


Mahoning - - -----+-+-+-+--+-+-+-+-- - 0% - 2t0" 


es 
ae Re Rte Nace atte bun bo or Sa ee PR a BOM 
45 
(Hower vFrecport (¥D'}— = =< 2) sae ee ee Te ten 
( | : 50 
| Upper Rittenning ("Oi")! -'- =. - =. - -)--% = OF - 380" 
5O 
Alle zheny aes FA Goeninitieto ) Sea a em ee OT SA hon 
55 
(Lower Kittanning ER INR re a gO OE A od ie ah rir Mg wR A @ 
( ; 60 
(Clarion ("A'") Sag oe lye Boag Re alle ety Pied To Reg tie Eee 1 Cg ek eam @) See band 4 BJ 
( 30 
eae Ce eek ret wen am tak feet oe en ae OT ae, BG EQN 


nee Pe ha eye at eee ba on ale le OE OT ON 


‘A 


Leneinig’ . 
ap wh afte 





Mcreer r Coal. Tne Wiercer coal is prebably of workable thick- 
ness in Some areas in the equnty. Its thickest outcrop’ is 9 feet at 
Pullers Station on Sandy Lick Creek. It is dirty end carries three 
thick shale peartings. The Mcreer coal has been mined at Port Barnet, 
where it averages 2 feet 4 inches thick, is é@irty anc high in 
sulphur. : 


Brookville ("4") coal, This coal, lying at the base of the 
Allegheny formation, is mined extensive ly in the Brookville district, 
its type locslity. "In the vicinity of Summerville the Brookville 
coal ranges from 2 feet & inches to 5 feet 6 inches thick, and 
Carries a 2 to 6 inch bone parting 14 inches from the top. The lower 
part of the bec is hizh in sulphur, It averases 4 feet 4 inches 
thick at Cornifer, inclucing an 8 inch bone partinz 11 inches from 
the top, At Heidrick Junction the coal averares 4 feet thick and 
Carries the characteristic parting. Where opened in country banks 
north of Brookville in Eléred to. ship the” coal averages © feet 2 
inches thick, an¢ is Le ty and, high in sulphur. “In the vicinity of 
Puller in K ox bOn us hip, tie coal averages 4 feet, and has a meximum 
thickness of 6 feet; The bed contains a 4 inch bone bincer about 18° 
inches from the ton, thet 4 extremely hare to separate from the 
Coal. The bed is locally 5 feet thick in: th vicinity of Reynolcs- 
Walle, including 1 inch-of shale near the miccle, At Falls Creek it 
ae Loeatly 4 feet thie%, including 1 to 2 inches of shale near the 
micdle 


» is . ‘ *y 5 . } § a i. 7 _ 
The Brookville coal is ceep uncer cover in most of the southern 
part of the county, but drill records indicate that it is rarely too 


thin tp be minec, althouzh it varies zreatly in thickness. 


The Brookville coal is hard, has uneven fracture, and cull 
austre. it varies from 34 to 36 Saws cent volatile matter, 49 to 53 
mer cent fixed carbon, 8 to 14 per c 2 


ent ash, and 2.5 to 7 per cent 
sulphur. 


Glerion ("A'") coal. This coal, lying about 30 feet above the 
Brookville, averages less than 6 inches thick in Jefferson County. 
It has never been mine c 


bower Kittanning ("B") coal, This coal, occurring 90 feet 
above the Brookvilie, is locally important in "Jefferson County. It 
is thin anc unimportant; anc only locally is of mineable thicimess 
in Barnett, Heath, Polk, Eldred, Union and Warsaw townships. 


diy 





The Lower Zittanninz coal has a local maximum thickness of 3 
feet: in the vicinity of Brockvayville. Its average thicimess is less 
than 2 feet. In Washington, Winslow, Hencerson, Pine. Creek, 
MeCalmont, Oliver, ‘mox and Rose tovmships the bed seldom exceeds 2 
feet 6 inches thick, and averages about 2 feet. 


The Lower Kittanninz averages 2 feet 3 inches thick in Clover, 
Beaver, Ringgold and Porter tovmships.: Probably its greatest thick- 
ness anc best quality is on Pine Creek, where it is extensively 
mined. At that locality it averages 3 feet thick, including a 
inch bone parting 12 inches from the top, anc locally 2 or 6 
of bone coal at tle topl 


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The coal is locally 2 feet 10 inches thick in Perry, Young, Bell, 
Gaskill anc Henderson townships. It is deep uncer cover and little 
is known of its quality and thickness. 


The Lower Kittanning coal is soft and friable, and breaks up 
when mined, it has a dull lustre, and an irregular cubical cleavage. 
The volatile matter ranges from 33 to 37 per cent, the fixed carbon 
from 46 to 57 per cent, the ash from 6 to 14 per cent, and the sul- 
phur from .9 to 3 per cent. 


; Middle Kittanning ("C") coal. This bed lies about 55 feet 

above the Lower Kittanning coal, .It is thickest and best in Union 
township, where it averages 2 feet 6 inches, and has a maximum thick- 

ness of 3 feet 6 inches. The bed hag been opened for house coal at 

many places in Knox, McCalmont and Union townships. It is locally 2 

ee nick in other townships in the county, but openings in it are ..: 
ew. | aN 





The Middle Kittanning coal is locally 3 feet thick om the middle 
branch of Pine Creek; 2 feet thick on Big Run in Oliver township; «on 
the headwaters of Little Sandy Creek it is 4 feet 10 inches thiok, 
with a 10 inch shale parting in the middle of the bed, In Clowr 
township near Troy it igs 18 inches thick; at the head of Beaver Ruy 
in Rose township 4 feet thick, but is mostly bony coal. It is uni- 
formly 3 feet thick in the vicinity of Rose.’ In Union township, 
South of Corsica, it is locally 3 feet thick, and north of Corsica 2 
feet 10 inches thick, The coal is clean and good. East of Corsica 
it is 2 feet 6 inches thick but rather impure, The Middle Kittanning 
coal is locally 3 anc 4 feet thick in Warsaw and Washington towr- ° 
Ships. The coal is clean, without partings, and has excellent 
quality. 


The Middle Kittanning coal ranges from 29 to 34 per cent vola- 
tile matter, 48 to 55 per cent fixed carbon, 7 to 12 per cent ash, . 
and 1 to 3 per cent sulphur, 


Upper Kittanning (1071) coal. This bed, lying about 105 feet 
above the Lower Kittanning, is generally thin and unimportant in the 
county, although locaily it is thick and mined, 


In Ringgole township, on Pine Run, the coal has a maximum thick- 
ness of 2 feet 9 inches. In Union tovmship, near Corsica, it ranges 
from 2 feet 6 inches to 3 feet thick, and is opened for loeal fuel, 


The Upper Kittanning is rarely over 2 féet thick in the northern 
townships and is poor in quality. 


It is deep under cover in large areas in the eastern and south- 
ern townships, and little is know of its quslity am thickness. It 
is mined extensively along the Pennsylvania Railroad iz Winslow and 
Washington townships and is persistently 2 feet thick, having a local 
maximum thickness of 3 feet. It carries no distinct partings or 
binders. 









































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The Upper Kittanning coal commonly has 30 to 35 per cent volatile 
matter, 52 to 56 per cent fixed carbon, 7 to 11 per cent ash, and 1 
to 4 per cent sulphur. 


Lower Freeport ("D") coal. The Lower Freeport coal, lying 155 
feet above the Lower Kittanning, and 45 feet below the Upper Freeport, 
is the most important coal in the county. 


The Lower Freeport coal averages less than 3 feet thick in 
Porter township, but is good clean coal, In Perry township it ranges 
from 3 feet 2 inches to 6 feet 6 inches thick, and is extensively 
mined. It averages 5 feet 6 inches thick on Mahoning Creek, and 
Carries one or more bone partings, irregular in thickness and 
position, In the vicinity of Frosthurg the coal is 4 feet 6 inches 
to 5 feet thick, occasionally slaty and bony, but generally clean, 


The Lower Freeport has been mined extensively for many years at 
Anita, Adrian, Horatio, Walston, and Punxsutawney in Young township. 
The coal a as: "to (ae feet thick, including a bony bench at the top, 
averaging 4 inches, and local bands of ‘bone and pyrite. At Walston 
the coalis 8 feet thick in some mines, and free from partings and 
binders. The coal is 4 feet to 6 feet. 6 inches thick in Bell town- 
Ship, and carries no distinct impurities except a bony ben@gh at the 
top, usually not over 4 inches thick, The Upper Freeport coal ranges 
from 2 feet 6 inches to 6 feet thick in Gaskill towship. It is 
usually free from partings an@ binders, but in some places is split 
aoe: two benches by an 8 inch shale parting about 12 inches from the 
ottom, 


_ Probably the greatest thickness of the Lower Freeport coal in 
Jefferson County is in Henderson township, between Big Run and 
Desire, Here the bed is locally 13 feet 8 inches thick, including a 
Qe foot shale parting, 2 feet from the top of the bed, At Eleanora it 
ranges from 3 to 8 feet thick, It is clean where 3 feet thick, but: 
the greater measurement includes a bone parting 1 to 2 inches thick, 
about 10 inches from the bottom, and 8 inches of bony’coal at the top. 
The Lower Freeport is mined extensively at Sykesville, where it is 5 
to 6 feet thick, including a bone parting l to 2 inches thick, 8 to 
10 inches from the bottom. The top coal is aiso bony in places, 


In McCalmont township the coal ranges from 3 feet to 6 feet 6 
inches thick; averaging over 4 feet. A bony parting averaging @ 
inches thick, about 2 feet from the botton, is persistent in exten- 
Sive areas. A local bony parting about 1 ‘inches thick is present 
about 5 inches from the bottom. 


In Oliver township the Lower Freeport coal averages 5 feet thick, 
is regular in thickness, and only locally is split by one or more 
thin bone partings. 


In Ringgold tovmship the Lower Freeport coal is variable in 
thickness, reaching a maximum of 5 feet, Its average is much less, 








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In Beaver; Rose, Clover, Pine Creek, Union, Eldred, Warsaw and 
Polk townships, the Lower Freeport coal varies greatly in thickness 
and quality, although there are large areas in which it averages 5 
feet thick, and has fair quality. It has not been mined extensively 
in these townships, as it is generally rather dirty and higher in 
Sulphur than in the eastern and southern parts of the county. In 
Some places several thick bone partings make it useless. 


The Lower Freeport coal has been eroded in Barnett and Heath 
townships. 


In Knox township the bed averages about 4 feet 6 inches thick, 
anc is usually clean coal. The coal is mined extensively in the 
Ramsaytown and Knoxdale districts, where it averages 4 feet 6 inches 
eae a hitaaeng two thin local bone partings, at varying positions 
in e bed. 


The Reynoldsville district in Winslow township for many years 
has been the center of extensive development of the Lower Freeport 
coal in eastern Jefferson County. The bed is extremely variable in: 
physical character. Partings and binders are present in some mines, 
and are lacking in others; in some areas there are bony benches at 
the top.or bottom. The entire bed averages over 5 feet thick, 
ranging from 4 feet to 8 feet 6 inches, 


The ‘Lower Freeport coal averages over 4 feet thick in Washington 
township,-and has excellent quality. In the vicinity of Falls Creek, 
it is 5 feet thick, including a 1 ineh parting, 12 inches above the 
bottom of the bed. It has been mined extensively for several years 
in the vicinity of Coal Glen, where it averages 3 feet 8 inches thick, 
In some places it has one or more thin bone partings, and is high in 


gulphur, 


In Snyder township the Lower Freeport coal averages 3 feet 6 
inches thick, locally reaching a maximum of 5 feet. It has a 
@haracteristic l-inch bone or clay parting 8 to 12 inches above the 
bottom. At Brockwayyille and Crenshaw, the coal is almost worked 


out. 


The Lower Freeport coal is soft and friable, but mines out in 
good sized lumps. It is a "stick" and "block" coal, with alternating 
bands of bright lustrous and dull "mother" coal, It ranges from 28 
to 35 per cent volatile matter, 51 to 60 per cent fixed carbon, 4 to 
13 per cent ash, and 1 to 5 per cent sulphur. 


Upper Freeport ("BE") coal. This bed, lying about 45 feet above 
the Lower Freeport coal, is very irregular in thickness and variable 
in quality. In some places, however, it is a fine bed of good coal. 


In Porter township the Upper Freeport coal generally is thin, 
and is never over 4 feet thick. On Pine Creek it is a good clean 
coal and is mined at several places. 

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but is locally a good thick coal. It is mined extensively at Frost- 
burg, and averages 5 feet thick. Thin bone partings may be present. 


At Anita, in Young township, the Upper Freeport averages 3 feet 
of good clean coal. It is 3 feet-‘6 inches thick at Punxsutawney,not 
including a bony bench at the top, usually 8 inches thick. The bed 
has a maximum thickness of 6 feet in this township; but invariably 
carries numerous "knife blades" of pyrite and bone, making the coal 
much inferior to the Lower Freeport, 


The ‘Upper Freeport coal averages over 3 feet thick in Gaskill 
township, and although it is not as good quality as the Lower Free- 
port, it is mined at many places along the Pennsylvania and the 
Buffalo, Rochester and Pittsburgh Railroads. Near Hillman it is 2 
feet 10 inches thick, including a thin bone parting, In the Big Run 
djstrict it ranges from 2 feet 8:inches to 4 feet 4 inches thick, 
Where thickest a bony bench, which is 2 inches thick and hard to 
Separate from the coal, occurs about 8 inches above the bottom. It 
is mined at Onondago, where it averages 4 feet thick, including a l 
to 3 inch bone parting 8 inches from the bottom, 


In Henderson, McCalmont, Oliver, and Ringgoid townships the 
Upper Freeport coal ranges from 12 inches to 5 feet thick, averaging 
less than 3 feet. It is impure and locally carries many bands of 
pyrite, The largest development of this coal in these townships is 
along Pine Creek, Here the bed averages 4 feet 4 inches thick, ° 
including a bony bench at the top, usually about 9 inches thick, and 
& local parting of bone coal 2 inches thick near the bottom. It is 
Mined just north of Anita, in McCalmont township. Here it is 2 feet 
8 inches thick, not including a bony bench of variable thickness at 
the top. 


The Upper Freeport coal has not been minec extensively in 
Winslow township. It averages about 3 feet thick, but is dirty and 
rather high in sulphur, When the Lower Freeport coal is exhausted, 
it will be mined more, 


The Upper Freeport coal is mined extensively in Washington and 
Snyder townships in the Coal Glen, Brockwayville and Crenshaw dis- 
tricts. Here the Lower Freeport is rapidly being worked out, and the 
Upper Freeport is the next best coal, It averages about 2 feet 6 
inches thick, and is fairly clean but high in sulphur. 


The Upper Freeport coal ranges from 12 inches to 2 feet 6 inches 
thick in the central, western and northern townships, not already 
mentioned, It has been eroded in large areas, and is opened only 
for local fuel, 


The Upper Freeport coal’'is soft and friable, and breaks up when 
mined, It has a dull lustre, am an imperfect cubical fracture, 
The volatile matter ranges from 28 to 355 per cent, the fixed carbon 
from 53 to 59 per cent, the ash from 4 to 12 per cent, anc the 
sulphur from 1 to 4 per cent. 


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